Adipose tissue is specialized connective
tissue that functions as the major storage site for fat in the
form of triglycerides.
There are two
different types of adipose tissues. They are
-
White adipose tissue.
-
Brown adipose tissue.
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Most adipose tissue is white. White adipose tissue does three
functions:
-
Heat insulation,
-
Mechanical cushion.
(Adipose tissue also surrounds internal organs and provides
protection for these organs.)
-
A source of energy.
The adipose tissue which is
directly below skin (subcutaneous adipose tissue) specially acts
as the heat insulator of the body. It conducts heat only one
third compared to other tissues. The degree of insulation is
dependent upon the thickness of this fat layer.
Lipogenesis
Lipogenesis is the deposition of
fat. This process occurs in adipose tissue and in the liver .
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The excess calories (consumed more than what
actually needed for the current physical activity ) is stored in
adipose tissue. Carbohydrate and protein consumed in
the diet can be converted to fat. The carbohydrates can be
stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle and can also be
converted to triglycerides in the liver and transferred to
adipose tissue for storage. Amino acids from proteins are
used for new protein synthesis or they can be converted to
carbohydrate and fat.
Fatty acids, in the form of triglycerides are
consumed through the diet or synthesized by the liver .Very
little synthesis of free fatty acids occurs in the cells of
adipose tissue (adipocytes). Triglycerides are the most
important source of fatty acids, because this is the form in
which dietary lipids are assembled by the digestive system and
liver.
Triglycerides are made up of long chain of
fatty acids .These are hydrolyzed (broken) to glycerol and free
fatty acids by an enzyme called lipoprotein lipase (LPL).
The free fatty acids are taken up by cells of adipose tissues
and stored again as triglycerides through a complex
process.
Insulin, a hormone secreted by the cells of the pancreas,
plays an important role in the lipogenic process. The net effect of insulin is to
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Increase
storage,
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Block mobilization and oxidation of fatty acids.
Insulin stimulates LPL formation. The
LPL breaks the circulating to free fatty acids which can enter the adipocyte. Insulin is also required for the transport of
glucose, which is needed for conversion of free fatty acids to
tryglycerides in adipocytes. The conversion
of glucose to fatty acids is accomplished by insulin's
activation of several enzymes.
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